The Ethernaut-Solutions repository contains the solutions using Foundry and Hardhat.

Objectives

• Make the balance of the contract greater than zero.

---

selfdestruct(address payable recipient)

selfdestruct destroys the current contract, sending its funds to the given address, and ends the execution. Note that it has some caveats inherited from the EVM:

• The receiving contract’s receive or payable fallback function is not executed.

• The contract is only really destroyed at the end of the transaction, and reverting might "undo" the destruction.

• The transfer of Ether cannot be prevented.

Furthermore, all functions of the current contract are callable directly, including the current function. Even if a contract is removed by selfdestruct, it is still part of the history of the blockchain and probably retained by most Ethereum nodes. So using selfdestruct is not the same as deleting data from a hard disk.

---

Analysis

We are given the following contract:

contract Force {/*
                   MEOW ?
         /\_/\   /
    ____/ o o \
  /~____  =ø= /
 (______)__m_m)
*/}

Don't let the cute kitty deceive you. This is an empty contract without any functions. We have to somehow send ether to the contract.

We can send ether to the contract in one of the following ways:

• Directly send Ether to the contract; however, to receive Ether transfer, the contract should have either receive or payable fallback function.

• Receiving the rewards through coinbase transactions for mining or validating the block.

• It is possible to precalculate the contract address before deployment. The attacker can send Ether to this address before the deployment of the contract, thus forcibly storing the Ether in the contract.

• As discussed, smart contracts can receive Ether from other contracts using selfdestruct. All the Ether stored in the calling contract will then be transferred to the address specified when calling selfdestruct(). There is no mechanism for the receiver to stop this because it takes place at the EVM level.

---

Exploit

Let's create a contract that will hack the level.

Go to the Remix IDE and create the following contract.

Notice the constructor is declared payable. While deploying the above contract, send some Ether (1 wei), which will be added to the contract balance. selfdestruct will destroy the contract and transfer Ether to instance i.e Force.sol.

On the Ethernaut site, open the dev console and check the instance balance.

await getBalance(instance)

It will be greater than 0.

Submit the instance.

Level passed!!!😄

---

Key Takeaways

• Don't rely on address(this).balance for accounting. See Self Destruct.

• If selfdestruct is implemented, authenticate that the msg.sender = owner. Implement proper access control.

• If you want to deactivate your contracts, you should instead disable them by changing some internal state which causes all functions to revert. This makes it impossible to use the contract, as it returns Ether immediately.

---

The Ethernaut-Solutions repository contains the solutions using Foundry and Hardhat.

Solution using Foundry:-

• Test

• Exploit Script

Solution using Hardhat:-

• Test

• Exploit Script

More Levels